Understanding Risk in System Safety Engineering

In the realm of engineering, the interplay between safety and public perception is a critical concern. This connection was notably illuminated by the work of Starr, who highlighted the importance of integrating public concerns into engineering design practices. For engineers, acknowledging how the products they create are perceived by the public can significantly influence market acceptance and success.

A prime example of this dynamic is the commercial nuclear power industry in the United States. During the 1960s and early 1970s, nuclear power appeared to be a burgeoning sector, promising a cost-effective energy source. However, public perception shifted dramatically following the Three Mile Island accident in 1979, which led to widespread fear and skepticism. As a result, the nuclear power industry in the U.S. has remained relatively small compared to other energy sources, even though countries like France rely heavily on nuclear power for their electricity needs.

The Fukushima Daiichi disaster further complicated the narrative around nuclear energy. While the Energy Policy Act of 2005 initially prompted a surge in license applications for new nuclear plants, the Fukushima accident caused a significant backlash. Germany's decision to phase out nuclear power by 2022 and Japan's hesitance to return to nuclear energy illustrate how public sentiment can directly influence policy and industry direction.

Risk perception is not only relevant to the nuclear power sector but extends to various industries, including hazardous waste management, chemical production, aerospace, and manufacturing. As Rowe (1988) defines it, risk encompasses the potential for negative consequences stemming from events, while risk aversion focuses on the measures taken to mitigate such risks. This nuanced understanding underscores the reality that risk is interpreted differently among individuals and communities.

In light of these considerations, engineers are increasingly encouraged to engage with public perceptions of risk. By doing so, they can better inform their design processes and foster safer, more acceptable solutions. The challenge lies in recognizing that while risk assessment is a technical exercise, it is deeply intertwined with societal values and concerns, making public engagement an essential component of effective engineering.